![]() Children/Teens: generally at less risk for severe illness however, underlying medical problems, if present, elevate risk.Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic factors also increased the risk for heightened mortality and poor outcomes due to disparities in and barriers to accessing care.Multiple comorbidities are additive in risk.Comorbidities (alphabetical order): age ≥ 50 years, cancer, chronic kidney disease, COPD, chronic lung disease, dementia or other neurological conditions, diabetes (types 1 and 2), Down syndrome, HIV, immunocompromised people, mental health conditions (depression, schizophrenia), BMI ≥ 25 (so overweight or obesity), pregnancy, sickle cell or thalassemia, smoking (current or former), solid organ or blood stem cell transplant, stroke/CVA, substance use disorders, active TB.Risks (per CDC see link for more complete details): as determined by types of studies, multiple risk factors increase risks further.FDA and CDC have age ≥ 50 yrs as the substantial change in increased risk.CDC reports that 95% of COVID-19-related deaths have at least one comorbidity.deaths are age > 65 years with 80x greater mortality risk than 18- to 29-year-olds. Age gradient, with > 85 years highest 81% of U.S.Older age, especially > 65 yrs, and people with comorbidities appear more likely to develop an infection with severe symptoms and be at risk for death.Severe infections remain more prevalent in the unimmunized or no prior infection with multiple risk factors and people with poor antibody responses.Includes NOWCAST projection and modeling of what may happen in real-time since data lags by 2-3+ weeks.This CDC genomic variant surveillance may track circulating Omicron sublineages in the US, XBB.1.5 now dominant (March 2023).Omicron appears at least more transmissible than Delta and the Delta variant and is 50-70% more transmissible than earlier variants, including Alpha.Despite global vaccination efforts and mitigation strategies, including facial masks and social distancing, vaccination, and therapies, millions of cases may be occurring worldwide, many now not documented, including among immunized populations, which allows for continued opportunities for the emergence of variants with immune evasiveness features.Real-time global reports are available through Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases Dashboard by Johns Hopkins CSSE.It is unlikely this virus will disappear, and it appears now part of the repertoire of respiratory viruses that infect humans regularly. Ongoing pandemic, declared by the WHO.COVID-19 (novel COronaVirus Disease-2019) is the disease, SARS-CoV-2 is the virus. ![]() The alternate lab leak theory has its proponents, and a definitive origin may never be known. However, recent reports have suggested that raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides) may be the case based on sampling in/near the Wuhan market. Circulating viruses similar to the Wuhan (ancestor strain) of SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been conclusively demonstrated in an intermediary animal reservoir. Origin is uncertain, although bats are implicated as this virus is closely related by genetic analysis to bat SARS-like coronavirus (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus).SARS-CoV-2 uncertainty exists regarding whether its emergence into human populations appears to be a zoonotic infection or related to release from a laboratory studying the virus.Coronaviruses also commonly infect birds and mammals, causing gastroenteritis and respiratory diseases.MERS for the MERS-CoV virus, causing sporadic infections, mainly in the Arabian peninsula since 2012.SARS for SARS-CoV-1 virus has not been known to circulate since 2002–2003.Coronavirus for common human respiratory coronavirus infections. ![]() For discussion of other coronaviruses, see individual highlighted modules:.This topic covers the novel coronavirus 2019, SARS-CoV-2. ![]() Neutralizing antibodies against the S-protein are believed to play an important role in protective immunity. The viral envelope under electron microscopy appears crown-like due to small bulbar projections formed by the viral spike (S) peplomers.
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